Some Osage grammatical elements featured in the examples

ID Abbreviation Explanation Examples  
20 A1P first person plural agent 21 → show examples
17 A1S first person singular agent 31 → show examples
49 A1S→ portmanteau wi. cf. '←AGT'. 1 → show examples
21 A2P second person plural agent 0  
18 A2S second person singular agent 14 → show examples
22 A3P third person plural agent 4 → show examples
19 A3S third person singular agent 37 → show examples
5 AGT agent 1 → show examples
16 CAUS causative 17 → show examples
2 CONT continuative 67 → show examples
35 DAT dative 9 → show examples
3 DECL declarative 66 → show examples
26 DUAL dual 0  
48 EMPH emphatic 2 → show examples
10 EP epenthesis 27 → show examples
50 ERG ergative 6 → show examples
40 EVID evidential (e.g. 'they say'; hearsay; witnessed him/herself) 1 → show examples
9 FUT futur 14 → show examples
39 HAB habitual 0  
27 IMM immediate 1 → show examples
46 INCP inceptive, beginning of an action 1 → show examples
47 INDF indefinite (article), can be singular or plural (e.g. 'a', 'some'). Also quantificational. Opposed to DEF, which is referential. 1 → show examples
37 INJ injunctive (e.g. 'let me ...', 'let's ...') 2 → show examples
42 INST instrumental (e.g. 'by means of ...') 6 → show examples
38 INST.by.hand instrumental, do something using the hand(s) 2 → show examples
34 ITER iterative 3 → show examples
14 LOC locative 8 → show examples
31 P1P first person plural patient 7 → show examples
28 P1S first person singular patient 26 → show examples
32 P2P second person plural patient 0  
29 P2S second person singular patient 33 → show examples
33 P3P third person plural patient 14 → show examples
30 P3S third person singular patient 25 → show examples
4 PAT patient 0  
7 PL plural 40 → show examples
6 PREV pre-verb 74 → show examples
12 PRON pronoun / pronominal 10 → show examples
41 RCPR reciprocal 2 → show examples
15 REFL reflexive 17 → show examples
8 SG singular 1 → show examples
45 SIT sitting (usually a connotation of an aspect marker referring to 3 → show examples
44 STA standing (usually a connotation of an aspect marker referring to 8 → show examples
43 STAS stasis, stationary, non-moving 6 → show examples
1 SUBJ subject marker 7 → show examples
36 SUU suus (subject's own) 11 → show examples
13 VAL valence (reducer) 12 → show examples
11 ←A1S portmanteau: theme 2SG < experiencer 1SG. Cf. 'A1S→' 10 → show examples
Source: Compiled mainly from the examples in this database.