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ID Reference Example Filed under
194 Q.OG:209 (iv)

má̃zeska ožú áalõbri, ãðákišupe hkó̃bra
má̃zeska-ožú á-Wa-lõ-Wa-ði, ã-ðá-ki-kaa-šupe Wa-kó̃-Wa-ða
money-put.inside PREV-A1S-PREV-A1S-forget P1S-A2S-DAT-PREV-pay A1S-PREV-A1S-want
'I left my purse at home, I want you to pay for it (the blanket)''

Quintero's morphological interpretation is very strange.

→02.The morpheme kaa
188 Q.OG:207 (260a)

háachi žĩká̃žĩ wáazã apai
háachi žĩká̃žĩ wa-Ø-kaazá̃ apa-ðe
repeatedly children P3S-A3S/P-scold 3.CONT-DECL
'he's/they're always bawling the children out''

Alternative interpretation (Bertalan)
háachi žĩká̃žĩ wa-kaa-azá̃ apa-api
repeatedly child P3S-A3S.ERG-lie.down 3.CONT-PL
'he is always bawling the children out'

→07. Ergative kaa
184 Q.OG:205 (247)

awáazã hta mĩkšé
Wa-wa-kaazá̃ hta mĩkšé
A1S-P3P-scold FUT 1S.CONT
'I'm going to bawl them out''

Alternative interpretation (Bertalan)
wa-a-azá̃ hta mĩkšé
P3P-A1S.ERG-lie.down FUT 1S.CONT.STAS
'I'll be scolding them'

A1S.ERG them lie.down → 'make them (lie) down' = scold them. wa-a metathesis for reasons of pronunciation.

→07. Ergative kaa
183 Q.OG:206 (257)

wáazã akxai
wa-Ø-kaazá̃ akxa-ðe
P3P-A3S-scold 3.CONT-DECL
'he's bawling them out''

Alternative interpretation (Bertalan)
wa-kaa-zá̃ akxa-ðe
P3P-A3S.ERG-scold 3.CONT-DECL
'he's bawling them out'

In my interpretation, kaa is not an instrumental, but a split ergative marker, here ergative, marking the agent.

→07. Ergative kaa
175 Q.OG:202 (239a)

ðuutáahpa
ðuu-táahpa
by.hand-round
'make round''

Alternative interpretation (Bertalan)
Ø-ðuu-táahpa
it-INST.CAUS.by.hand-be.round
'make (it) be round using the hands'

Example for instrumental marking adjective. If interpreted as adjectival stative verb, by.hand-be.round 'make (it) be round with the hands'.

→04. Instrumentals
170 Q.OG:198 (222)

oðíhtã ðuušká̃?
oðíhtã Ø-ðuu-šká̃
car A3S-CAUS-move
'did he start the car?''

In this causative use of ðuu (also 'by hand' as a combined INST/CAUS marker), the otherwise intransitive verb šká̃ 'start, change of state (weather), move' becomes transitive. It is also a good example for standard word order: PAT-AGT-INST/CAUS-root, where in this case the patient is not marked as a pronominal on the verb, but is explicitly present as a noun before the agent.

→04. Instrumentals
→Causative
166 Q.OG:194 (203)

ná̃ɣe ðaašó̃ke šõ akxai, híi ðiixó̃kape
ná̃ɣe Ø-ðaaxó̃-ke šõ akxa-ðe, híi Ø-ðii-xó̃-ke-api-ðe
ice A3S-by.mouth.break-disperse while 3S.CONT-DECL tooth A3S-CAUS-break-disperse(?)-PL-DECL
'while he was chewing ice, he broke his tooth''

Alternative interpretation (Bertalan)
ná̃ɣe Ø-ðaa-xó̃-ke šõ akxa-ðe, híi Ø-ðii-xó̃-ke-ape
ice A3S-by.mouth-break-disperse while 3S.CONT.STAS-DECL tooth A3S-CAUS-break-disperse(?)-CMPL

Note in my interpretation the use of a continuative marker on subordinate level and a completive marker on sentence level, which positions the continuative action described in the subordinate clause in the past.

→04. Instrumentals
161 Q.OG:412 (284)

hci ãkóhta ðiškíihta ðíihta nĩkšé
hci ãkóhta ði-škihta ði-hta nĩkšé
house 1P.POSS 2S-also 2S.POSS 2S.CONT
'our house is yours''

→Pronominal System
159 Q.OG:411 (282)

ãkóe ãhkíluwĩpe
ãkóe ãk-Ø-hkik-ðuwĩ-api-ðe
1P.PRON A1P-P3S-REFL-buy-PL-DECL
'we bought it for ourselves''

Alternative interpretation (Bertalan)
ãkóe ãk-Ø-hkik-ðuwĩ-ape
1P.EMPH A1P-P3S-REFL-buy-CMPL
'we bought it for ourselves (and not for you)'

The English completed action gloss supports the interpretation of a completive ape suffix instead of api-ðe PL-DECL.

→Pronominal System
→Reflexive
48 Q.OG:438 (70)

wéana mĩkšé ãná̃ðaahpe che
wee-Wa-na mĩkšé i-ã-Ya-aahpe che
PREV-A1S-grateful CONT.1S PREV-P1S-A2S-wait NOM
'I am glad you [SG] waited for me''

Alternative interpretation (Bertalan)
'(lit.) I'm gratful for the you-waiting-for-me'

The nominalizer che nominalizes the inflected verb ãná̃ðaahpe '(for) me you wait'.

→Subordination
→Nominalization
39 Q.OG: 242 (412)

níhka akxa hkílisãpi áha, owibrĩ tã wakˀá̃ hta mĩkšé aape
níhka akxa hkik-dísã-api i áha, ó̃-wi-Wa-ðe tã wakˀá̃ hta mĩkšé aape
man SUBJ REFL-turn-PL IMM whenever PREV-P2S←A1S-A1S-toss when glad FUT 1S.CONT they.said
'the man turned around and said "I'll sure be glad when I get rid of you"''

→Reflexive
→Continuative auxiliaries 1st and 2nd persons
→Pluralizer
→Pronominal inflection - Portmanteau wi
→Subject marking
→Evidentials
36 Q.OG:241 (409b)

wáli ãhkíluhpíiži, ãži ódãži ahkilabrĩ hta akxa
wáli ã-hkik-ðuu-hpíiži, ãži ódãži Wa-hkik-ð-a-Wa-ðĩ hta akxa
really P1S-REFL-CAUS-bad but anyway A1S-REFL-EP.ð-PREV-A1S-carry FUT 3.CONT
'I did myself bad [I made a bad mistake] but I'll carry myself on anyway''

→Reflexive
→Causative
→Pronominal inflection - Epenthetic ð
→Continuative auxiliaries 3rd person
140 Q.OG:104 (30)

iiðánãhĩmãži mĩkšé ãži á̃ðanakˀõ žíe
ii-ð-Wa-nãhĩ-maži mĩkšé ãži á-ã-Ya-nakˀó̃-aži-ðe
PREV-EP.ð-A1S-agree-1S.NEG 1S.CONT but LOC-P1S-A2S-listen-NEG-DECL
'I objected to it but you didn't listen to me''

→Pronominal inflection - Epenthetic ð
→Negation
→Continuative auxiliaries 1st and 2nd persons
148 Q.OG:313 (140b)

tide mĩkšé
tide mĩkšé
gossip 1S.CONT.SIT
'I'm gossiping''

The subject is sitting (ongoing); no verb - the sitting stance is communicated by the continuative marker.

→Continuative auxiliaries 1st and 2nd persons
151 Q.OG:261 (492)

ðíwalĩ nĩkšé
ði-kíwalĩ nĩkšé
P2S-stingy 2S.CONT
''you're stingy with it'''

Alternative interpretation (Bertalan)
Ø-ði-walĩ nĩkšé
P3-P2S.DAT-stingy 2S.CONT
''to you it is stingy''

Quintero states that wali doesn't seem to appear as root, and that it belongs to a "enjoy" class of stative verbs with initial, lexicalized dative ki, which is suppressed in the surface form of persons 1st and 2nd inflection. In my view, ki is a genuine DAT.3 singular and plural marker and there is no deleted ki in 1st and 2nd persons, even if the root never occurs uninflected. ði would then be the 2S.DAT inflection pronominal in this example. However, since ði is also the regular P2S inflection pronominal prefix, the example would be ambiguous for dative/not dative, unless the verb lexically requires a dative form.

→Dative - Stative verbs
→Stative verbs
→02. Pronominal inflection
152 Q.OG:261 (493)

kíwalĩ
''he's stingy with it'''

Alternative interpretation (Bertalan)
Ø-kí-walĩ
P3S-P3S.DAT-stingy
''it is stingy to him''

cf. example Q.OG:261 (492) ID.151

→Dative - Stative verbs
→Stative verbs
→02. Pronominal inflection
157 Q.OG:268 (526)

wizí̃ke hká̃ãce toe kiðuwĩ
wizí̃ke hká̃ãce toe ki-Ø-ðuwĩ-a
my.son apple some DAT-P3S-buy-IMP
'buy sonny some apples; she/he buys apples in the place of sonny (as a representative)''

Alternative interpretation (Bertalan)
wizí̃ke hká̃ãce toe ki-ðuwĩ-a
my.son apple some P3S.DAT-buy-IMP
'buy sonny some apple(s) (sonny is present)'

Contrasts with example ID 525 (Q.OG:268 (525)) by the use of P3S.DAT instead of LOC á 'onto'.

→Dative - Benefactive
→Benefactive
155 Q.OG:266 (523)

áa ðíðiixõpe
áa ði-Ø-ki-ðii-xõ-api-ðe
arm P2S-A3P-DAT-by.hand-break-PL-DECL
'they broke your arm''

Alternative interpretation (Bertalan)
áa ði-Ø-ðii-xõ-ape
arm P2S.DAT-A3P-INST.by.hand-break-CMPL
'they broke you the arm with their hands'

→Dative
66 Q.OG:426 (17)

wahkó̃ta iižĩke íe oðáha ši aha, ðáalĩ škaaɣé
wahkó̃ta izĩke íe oðáha a-Ya-hi aha, ðáalĩ Ya-káaɣe-ðe
god his.son speak follow PREV-A2S-arrive.there whenever good A2S-make-DECL
'whenever you follow Jesus' teachings, you will do good works''

65 Q.OG:426 (16)

táatã ékižõ aha wéeãna mĩkšé
táatã é-ki-Ya-õ ðaišé aha wée-Wa-na mĩkšé
thing PREV-PREV-A2S-do CONT.2S whenever PREV-A1S-grateful CONT.1S
'whatever you're doing, I'm grateful; anytime you do something, I#m grateful''

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