119 Osage morphemes

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ID Morpheme Word class Morphological type Grammatical function Description Notes Examples Filed under
48 a ENCL IMP imperative marker, post-root 9 examples
96 a PRNM PFX A1S first person singular agent pronominal prefix Note the lack of an accent, thereby distinguishing it from dative 1S, which has an accent. →01. Basics and inflection tables
1 á PRNM PFX A1S.DAT first person singular dative agent pronominal prefix Note the accent which distinguishes it from non-dative. Quintero considers ki the dative marker for all persons, which would be suppressed in 1st and 2nd.
181 a PRNM PFX A1S.ERG I (ergative) cf. topic 'split ergative kaa'. 1 example →07. Ergative kaa
184 ã PRNM PFX P1P.ACC? me (accusative?) cf. topic 'split ergative kaa'. →07. Ergative kaa
25 ã PRNM PFX P1S first person singular patient pronominal prefix Nasalization distinguishes it from A1S, the lack of an accent distinguishes it from P1S.DAT (dative). 18 examples →01. Basics and inflection tables
20 á PRFX LOC around, up, onto 2 examples
66 aape AUX EVID REP evidential, reportative: 'they said', they are saying'. 1 example
59 áha ADV CONJ CONJ whenever
69 áha ADV CONJ PART MOD when, whenever 1 example
16 ãk PRNM PRFX A1P, A1D agent first person plural and dual marker prefix Has an own slot before the PAT, AGT inflection slots). As it is semantically plural ('we'), if not accompanied by api PL, it is interpreted as 1SG+1SG=1DUAL, if api is present, 1SG+2PL=1DUAL. 6 examples →01. Basics and inflection tables
26 ãkátxa AUX PART 1P.CONT continuative aspect marker first person plural Contains the morpheme ãk 'we', while atxa is a verb 'climb, raise' (as by turning around a stick, like beans plants). Appears to be lexicalized. 2 examples
103 ãkáðe AUX PART 1P.CONT continuative aspect, first person plural 2 examples
32 ãkóe PRON NOMN 1P/D.EMPH/CNTR first person plural, 'we' pronoun, emphasizing/contrasting Quintero: "These pronouns can represent subject, theme, receiver, object of postposition, or other grammatical functions. They are always contrastive, but the contrast may derive from either pragmatic controls or grammatical controls." (Quintero 2004: 411) 3 examples →Pronominal System
140 ãkóhta PRON NOMN 1P/D.POSS 'our' (1plural and dual possession) 1 example →Pronominal System
146 ãkóhtaški PRON NOMN 1P/D.INCL 'we also' →Pronominal System
134 ãkóna PRON NOMN 1P/D.EXCL 'we only' →Pronominal System
54 akxa AUX PART 3S.CONT.STAS continuative aspect marker, third person singular Is the counterpart to apa. Implies sitting or standing posture of a stationary (stasis) object or character. 4 examples
56 akxa AUX PART SUBJ.STAS subject marker, character stationary sitting or standing. Cf. akxa CONT. 4 examples
2 apa AUX PART SUBJ.CONT.MOV/DIST subject marker, continuative aspect, SUBJ present and moving, or out of sight 11 examples
27 ape SUFX CMPL completive aspect marker Sentence endings are often ape, which Quintero interprets as api-ðe (PL-DECL); however, ape is in many cases rather contracted api-ape (PL-CMPL), in singular only ape. This interpretation is supported by an older form pie, and is also consistent with the glosses of the respective examples. 12 examples
9 api SUFX PL pluralizer, verb suffix 8 examples
50 ãži CONJ CONJ but 2 examples
108 aži ENCL NEG not 1 example
35 ãðĩhé AUX PART 1S.CONT.MOV continuative aspect, 1S subject moving 2 examples
33 á̃ PRNM CASE PFX PAT DAT 1SG patient dative first person singular pronominal prefix Note the accent, which distinguishes it from the similar non-dative pronominal. Quintero considers that a signal for a suppressed "dative ki". 1 example
12 che AUX PART EVID evidential
106 che AUX PART INJ injunctive (e.g. let's ...; ask someone to ...) 1 example
128 che AUX PART NOM nominalizer Occurs clause-final. 1 example
18 che ART PART STA INAN DEF CLAS Positional article for 'standing, inanimate'. Noun classification by stance and shape.
15 é V PREV PREV pre-verb Element of the verb before the root. Between pre-verb and root are slots for PAT and AGT inflection.
40 ée PRON NOMN 3.EMPH/CNTR 'she/they' (and not somebody else) Ambiguous by number. 1 example →Pronominal System
137 éena PRON NOMN 3.EXCL 'he/they only' Ambiguous by number. →Pronominal System
149 eškíhta PRON NOMN 3S.INCL 'he/she/it also' →Pronominal System
150 eškíhtapi PRON NOMN 3P.INCL 'them too' →Pronominal System
189 éðõõpa ADV ART DEF both 1 example
188 háachi ADV PART ITER repeatedly, always, again and again 3 examples
113 haakó̃ta PRON.Q Q why 1 example
133 hcíhta ADV DIR inside (motion) hcí 'house' + hta 'toward'
116 hépe ADV MOD small amount, a little 1 example
46 hkik PRON REFL Reflexive pronominal; preaspirated initial k: ʰkik 14 examples
75 hkik PRFX RCPR reciprocal By reduplication becomes super-reciprocal, like two talking to each other.
152 hówa INDF ADJ, INDF PRON ITR which, which one
153 hówa INDF ADJ, INDF PRON ITR.INDF which, which one
115 hpíiži VS, ADV MOD bad, badly, be bad 3 examples
136 hta PPN DIR toward, in the direction of, from, into hci hta 'into the house; hcí htaha 'to the house'
53 hta AUX PART FUT POT Future / potentialis 6 examples
138 htáha ADV, POST DIR toward, on the way or path to a certain point, in the direction of
151 htáha ADV, POST DIR toward, on the way or path to a certain point, in the direction of cf. hta
58 i AUX PART IMM Immediate, near-future 1 example
11 í PRFX INST.VAL with, using, a means of, through (an action expresssed in the verb stem), from, due to Variants íi, ii, ìi. Valence increaser (from 1 arg to 2, and from 2 to 3). Cf. valence reducer wa. Falsly classified as Siouan-like locative by Quintero.
10 i SUFX 3SG 3PL 3SG 3PL noncontinuative marker suffix; precedes the evidential che.
143 ìhta PRON NOMN 3S.POSS 'his/her ...' (3S possessive) 1 example →Pronominal System
144 íhtapi PRON NOMN 3P.POSS 'their' →Pronominal System
17 ii PRFX LOC INSTR with, using, a means of, through (an action expresssed in the verb stem), from, due to Variants i, íi, ii, ìi. Valence increaser (Cf. wa - valence reducer). Classified as Siouan-like locative by Quintero.
176 kaa PRNM PFX A3/A1P.ERG 3rd person ergative marker in kaa verbs Quintero classifies this as a special case of INST kaa 'by striking' occurring in what she calls kaa verbs. (Quintero 2004: 203-213) 5 examples →07. Ergative kaa
174 kaa PFX INST.by.hitting ... by hitting 5 examples
87 ki PRNM CASE PFX 3.DAT 3S and 3P dative agent/patient case marker prefix Dative 3rd person ki is prominent because 3rd is the uninflected verb root form and ki appears lexicalized as intrinsic dative with some verbs. Quintero considers ki the dative marker for all persons, which would be suppressed in 1st and 2nd. 4 examples
65 ki- PRFX SUUS own Variant of kik; suus verb inflection prefix before inflectable initials, is preceded by agent inflection prefixes. Cf. l- and kik- suus marker variants.
63 kih PRFX SUUS INFL own Variant of kik; suus verb inflection prefix before plain stop stems. Is preceded by agent inflection prefixes. Cf. l- and ki- suus marker variants.
62 kik PRFX SUUS suus 'subject's own', referring to both objects and persons (kinship). 1 example
64 l- PRFX SUUS own Variant of kik; suus verb inflection prefix incorporating initial ð, is preceded by agent inflection prefixes. Cf. kih- and ki- suus marker variants.
109 ma PRNM PFX 1S I Prefixed to for example to NEG aži 'not' → lexicalized/grammaticized maži.
22 mã V PREV PREV
110 maži ENCL 1S.NEG I not 1 example
38 mĩkšé AUX PART 1S.CONT Continuative marker 1SG, sentence-final position 7 examples
130 na SUFX EXCL only
23 nĩkše AUX PART 2S.CONT 2SG continuative marker, sentence-final. 8 examples
21 o PFX GOAL THM goal, final place, culmination, fruition, event, location Classified by Quintero as locative, it is rather a GOAL and by case, a THM marker, but not a plain locative. It might have grammaticized from an according locative though; that is semantically plausible. 2 examples
51 ódãži ADV CONJ CONJ PRGM anyway 1 example
192 ožú V? put.inside 1 example
68 pe SUFX CMPL ABSN Completive marker, subject absent (relative to the speaker)
41 š PRON PRFX AGT.2SG Agent 2SG. Quintero assumes this is only a surface form of ði.
196 skíke (_skíke) ADJ MOD heavy, tired, weighted down, heavily laden
197 škíke (_škíke) ADJ MOD heavy today, variant of skíke
77 štã ADV much, a lot, all the time
195 tã COND PART COND if 1 example
118 tã CONJ PART MOD when 1 example
170 táahpa ADJ, VS(?) round, be round 1 example
98 toe QNT QNT QNT INDF some 2 examples
19 txã ART PART STA ANIM DEF CLAS Positional article for 'standing, animate'. Noun classification by stance and shape.
186 wá PRNM PFX P1P.ACC? us (accusative?) cf. topic 'split ergative kaa'. →07. Ergative kaa
187 Wa PRNM PFX P3P.ACC? them (accusative?) cf. topic 'split ergative kaa'. →07. Ergative kaa
95 wá PRNM CASE PFX PAT DAT 1P 1D 1P and 1D dative patient pronominal prefix Note the accent, which distinguishes it from the similar non-dative pronominal. Quintero considers that a signal for a suppressed "dative ki".
36 Wa PRON PRFX A1S agent first person singular Quintero sees this as the underlying form of the surface form a. 9 examples →01. Basics and inflection tables
6 wa PRNM PRFX P3P THM RCVR P3P pronominal prefix for 3PL patient (receiver or theme) 3 examples
13 wa PRFX VAL valence reducer De-transitivizes: reduces number of arguments from 3 to 2, from 2 to 1, and from 1 to 0; thus allows to employ single-arguent transitive verbs as intransitive. 2 examples
28 wa (... api) PRON PRFX P1P PAT 1PL P1P Patient 1PL, requires post-verbal api (PL) Quintero states that this wa must occur with post-verbal auxiliary pluralizer api: wa ... api. There are however examples without api, therefore it doesn't seem to be a hard-cut rule. 5 examples →01. Basics and inflection tables
97 wa ~ Ø PRNM PFX P3P PAT 3P P3P patient 3rd person plural P3P wa is similar to P3P.DAT wa ~ ki, therefore it is thinkable that P3P wa is a specific form marking theme or receiver, therefore probably identical to ID 0007. It is nevertheless kept here to keep the correspondence to Quintero's Osage examples. 4 examples →01. Basics and inflection tables
119 wakˀá̃ VS, ADV MOD glad 1 example
114 wáli ADV MOD very, really 2 examples
171 wásu ADJ, VS(?) clean, be clean 1 example
126 wĩ ART DET INDF / QNT a Some linguists are interpreting 'a' as a quantifier. 1 example
14 wĩ V PREV PREV Pre-verb Element of the verb before the root. Between pre-verb and root are slots for PAT and AGT inflection.
31 wí PRON PRFX PAT.2SG←AGT.1SG Partmanteau for I>you. 3 examples
129 wíe PRON NOMN 1S.PRON.EMPH/CNTR 1S pronoun for emphasis and contrast →Pronominal System
139 wíhta PRON NOMN 1S.POSS 'my' 1S possession →Pronominal System
132 wína PRON NOMN 1S.EXCL 'me only' (1S exclusive)
145 wiškíhta PRON NOMN 1S.INCL 'me also' →Pronominal System
43 Ya PRON PRFX A2S agent, second person singular According to Quintero's interpretation the underlying form of ða; based on comparison to other Siouan languages. 5 examples
182 ða PRNM PFX A2S.ERG you (ergative) cf. topic 'split ergative kaa'. →07. Ergative kaa
3 ðá PRNM CASE PFX AGT DAT 2S 2S dative agent pronominal prefix Note the accent which distinguishes it from non-dative. Quintero considers ki the dative marker for all persons, which would be suppressed in 1st and 2nd.
44 ða PRNM PRFX AGT 2SG Agent 2SG Not the absence of an accent, which distinguishes it from the according non-dative pronominal. 1 example →01. Basics and inflection tables
156 ðaa INST PFX INST.by.mouth using the mouth 2 examples
30 ðãišé AUX PART 2S.CONT Continuative marker 2SG 2 examples
125 ðe AUX SUFX CAUS causative 3 examples
5 ðe SUFX DECL indeed Sentence-final declarative marker. 18 examples
185 ði PRNM PFX 2S.PRON you 2 examples
94 ðí PRNM CASE PFX PAT DAT 2SG 2S dative patient pronominal prefix Note the accent, which distinguishes it from the similar non-dative pronominal. Quintero considers that a signal for a suppressed "dative ki". 3 examples
24 ði PRNM PRFX P2S you (singular) The lack of an accent distinguishes it from P2S.DAT (dative). 14 examples →01. Basics and inflection tables
39 ðíe PRON NOMN 2.EMPH/CNTR 'you' (and not somebody else) Ambiguous by number. 2 examples →Pronominal System
141 ðíhta PRON NOMN 2S.POSS 'your' (2S possession)
142 ðíhtapi PRON NOMN 2P.POSS 'your' (2P possessive) →Pronominal System
101 ðii INST PFX INST.by.hand instrimental prefix 'by hand' 2 examples
135 ðína PRON NOMN 2.EXCL 'you only' (exclusive) Ambiguous by number. →Pronominal System
147 ðiškíhta PRON NOMN 2S.INCL 'you (sg.) also/too' →Pronominal System
148 ðiškíhtapi PRON NOMN 2P.INCL 'you (pl.) also/too' →Pronominal System
49 ðuu PRFX CAUS.INST.by.hand by hand (causative marker) In the second pre-root derivational slot; is a variant of ðii. 7 examples →Causative
→04. Instrumentals
34 Ø PRNM PRFX A3S A3P P3S P3P 3SG 3PL AGT PAT Null marker for agent and patient 3SG and 3PL. Can occur twice on a verb. Often leads to ambiguity by number she/they, must be disambiguated on a pragmatic level. The null marker is a grammatical concept for a 'ghosted' 3d person marker, while it can also be interpreted as verb roots simply not inflected for 3d persons, which is the lexical form. 20 examples →01. Basics and inflection tables

Observations regarding Osage morphemes

Elements like the second person plural inclusive pronoun ðiškíhtapi 'you(pl.) too/also' 2P.INCL can be morphologically analyzed as ði-ški-hta-api (P2S-too-POT-PL) 'you(pl.) too might', and even the contained lexical sub-element ški might be further segmented to š-ki A2S-with 'you(sg.) with'. Nevertheless, ðiškíhtapi and other such elements are grammaticized and thus can be considered morphemes themselves.